100 million fish released in NE China rivers

source: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-07/21/content_15605341.htm

than 100 million fish were released in rivers in Northeast China's Heilongjiang province Saturday in an effort to restore fishery resources and improve the ecological environment.
The project was launched by the Ministry of Agriculture in coordination with the provincial government in the city of Jiamusi.
Nearly half of the fish, which include sturgeon, beluga, grass carp and chub, were released in the Songhuajiang River, the largest tributary of the Sino-Russian border river, the Heilongjiang River, said Zhang Hongjun, a researcher with the Heilongjiang Provincial Fishery Bureau.
Other fish were released simultaneously in other rivers in a total of 50 counties.
"The move will help increase fishery resources, restore the ecological environment and enrich the biodiversity of these rivers," Zhang said.
In July last year, the MOA joined hands with the governments of Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces to release 1.3 billion fish in the Yangtze River, where fishery resources have dwindled following a severe drought.

四川上半年GDP同比增长13% 领跑

source: http://sichuan.scol.com.cn/dwzw/content/2012-07/21/content_3924898.htm?node=968



　工业增长
　　规模以上工业增速高于全国平均水平6.1个百分点，高于西部平均水平3.4个百分点
　　消费拉动
　　投资、消费、出口“三驾马车”拉动增长，消费贡献了四川上半年一半的经济总量，投资紧随其后占48%，出口为2%。”
　　昨日，四川省统计局发布了今年上半年四川经济数据。上半年，全省实现地区生产总值（GDP）10603.91亿元，同比增长13%，增速较去年同期下滑1.5个百分点。与全国相比，经济增速比全国平均水平高5.2个百分点，继续明显高于全国及西部平均水平。
　　省统计局总经济师、新闻发言人熊建中表示，四川上半年经济增速继续领跑经济大省、位居全国前列，继续保持追赶跨越的较快发展势头。
　　数据
　　进出口增长44.6%高于全国36.6个百分点
　　GDP：数据显示，今年上半年，全省实现地区生产总值（GDP）10603.91亿元，同比增长13%。其中，二季度四川GDP增长 12.8%。上半年，第一产业增加值1236.93亿元，增长4.3%；第二产业增加值5991.44亿元，增长16.1%；第三产业增加值 3375.54亿元，增长10.5%。与全国相比，经济增速比全国平均水平高5.2个百分点。此外，四川多个经济数据均高出全国平均水平。
　　工业：上半年，规模以上工业增加值同比增长16.6%，增速比全国平均水平高6.1个百分点。
　　进出口：外贸进出口总额280.9亿美元，增长44.6%，增速比全国平均水平高36.6个百分点。汽车、电子计算机整机等产品产量增长明显。 上半年四川汽车增长107%，电子计算机增长254.1%。优势行业白酒增长了16.2%。作为经济发展参考指标的原煤产量增长6.4%，发电量增长 7.2%。
　　城镇居民收入增长14%跑赢GDP
　　消费品零售：社会消费品零售总额4298.2亿元，同比增长15.9%，增速比全国平均水平高1.5个百分点。
　　人均收入：上半年，城镇居民人均可支配收入10700元，增长14.0%，增幅比全国平均水平快0.7个百分点；农民人均现金收入4298.5元，增长17.2%，增幅比全国平均水平快1.1个百分点。
　　分析
　　产业增势较强三季度增速有望回升
　　投资拉动明显快于全国好于西部
　　熊建中表示，今年以来，在世界经济复苏疲软和全国经济增幅回落的宏观环境下，全省经济增势放缓、增幅回落，但仍继续保持较快增长，主要经济指标增速在全国排位靠前，呈现“快于全国、好于西部”的较好发展态势。
　　原因在于投资、消费、出口这三驾直接拉动四川经济增长的马车，均在上半年出现增长。“初步测算，消费贡献了四川上半年一半的经济总量，投资紧随 其后占48%，出口为2%。”今年上半年，全社会固定资产投资8639亿元，同比增长20.5%，增速比去年同期提高2.9个百分点，“投资对四川经济的 拉动作用日益增强。”
　　熊建中表示，上半年CPI同比上涨3%，物价下跌虽然导致社会消费品零售总额增速较去年同期下跌2.1个百分点，但仍然高于全国平均水平1.5个百分点，对经济的拉动总体保持稳定。在全国出口疲软之时，四川进出口均呈现远超全国平均水平的情况，外贸出口增幅明显。
　　四川大学经济发展研究院执行院长于建玮认为，四川经济高速增长，背后不仅有天府新区等重大规划项目的投资拉动，也是四川主动承接高新技术产业转 移后为经济注入的强劲动力，包括汽车、电子信息技术企业，世界500强企业的落户，增强了四川经济在全国的竞争力。除成都外，四川二级城市的发展速度也十 分迅猛，为区域经济的快速发展提供了支撑。
　　预测
　　产业增势较强三季度增速有望回升
　　“三季度四川经济将有望小幅回升。”熊建中分析指出，今年一季度以来，受到国际经济形势影响，四川经济增速有所下滑。工业增速回落拖累了四川经济增长速度。去年上半年，规模以上工业增加值同比增长21.6%，而今年上半年仅为16.6%，回落的趋势明显。
　　熊建中指出，从4月开始，工业增速出现小幅回升，同时工业产销率保持了97%以上。因此，三季度经济增速可能受工业增速回升的带动而小幅反弹。
　　四川经济还存在工业品市场需求不足导致生产下行压力增大、企业生产成本提高、部分行业效益大幅下降、农民增收难度增大等值得重点关注的问题。但随着投资拉动的有力推进和产业支撑的竞相推进，全省优势产业增势依然较强，投资消费增势稳定。”
　　四川省社科院区域经济研究所副所长曹瑛分析指出：四川与东部沿海发达省市相比，在基础设施建设、城镇化方面还有很大差距，固定资产投资增长空间很大，投资对经济的拉动仍在持续增加。华西都市报记者李臣

the mandarin language guānhuà (官话/官話), or "official speech"

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese ; http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E

The Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) and the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) began to use the term guānhuà (官话/官話), or "official speech", to refer to the speech used at the courts. The term "Mandarin" is borrowed directly from Portuguese. The word mandarim was first used to name the Chinese bureaucratic officials (i.e., the mandarins), because the Portuguese, under the misapprehension that the Sanskrit word (mantri or mentri) that was used throughout Asia to denote "an official" had some connection with the Portuguese word mandar (to order somebody to do something), and having observed that these officials all "issued orders", chose to call them mandarins. The use of the word mandarin by the Portuguese for the Chinese officials.

From this, the Portuguese immediately started calling the special language that these officials spoke amongst themselves (i.e., "Guanhua") "the language of the mandarins", "the mandarin language" or, simply, "Mandarin". The fact that Guanhua was, to a certain extent, an artificial language, based upon a set of conventions (that is, the various Mandarin dialects for grammar and meaning, and the specific dialect of the Imperial Court's locale for its pronunciation), is precisely what makes it such an appropriate term for Modern Standard Chinese (also the various Mandarin dialects for grammar and meaning, and their dialect of Beijing for its pronunciation).

Standard Chinese or Modern Standard Chinese, also known as Mandarin or Putonghua.

视频：虎年春晚--开场歌舞《虎跃龙腾报春来》_新浪视频_新浪网

视频：虎年春晚--开场歌舞《虎跃龙腾报春来》_新浪视频_新浪网

Written Chinese 汉字

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinese,  http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/汉字

Written Chinese (Chinese: 中文; pīnyīn: zhōngwén) comprises the written symbols used to represent spoken Chinese and the rules about how they are arranged and punctuated. These symbols are commonly known as Chinese characters (traditional/simplified Chinese: 漢字/汉字; pinyin: hànzì). Chinese characters do not constitute an alphabet or a compact syllabary. Rather, the writing system is roughly logosyllabic; that is, each character generally represents either a complete one-syllable word (see logogram) or a single-syllable part of a word. The characters themselves are often composed of parts that may represent physical objects, abstract notions,^[1] or pronunciation.^[2]

Written Chinese is considered to be one of the world's oldest active, continuously used writing systems (cf."History of the Alphabet" citation below). Many current Chinese characters have been traced back to the 商 Shāng Dynasty about 1500 BCE, and the process of creating characters probably began some centuries earlier.^[3] Chinese characters were standardized under the 秦 Qín dynasty (221–206 BCE).^[4] Over the millennia, these characters have evolved into well-developed styles of Chinese calligraphy.^[5]

Despite historical changes in pronunciation, Chinese speakers in disparate dialect groups can communicate in writing.^[6] Some of the characters have also been adopted as part of the writing systems in other East Asian languages, such as Japanese and Korean.^[7][8] Literacy requires the memorization of a great many characters: Educated Chinese know about 4,000,^[9][10] while educated Japanese know about half that many.^[8] The large number of Chinese characters has in part led to the adoption of Western alphabets as an auxiliary means of representing Chinese.^[11]

漢字，亦稱中文字、中国字、國字，是漢字文化圈廣泛使用的一種文字，屬於表意文字的詞素音節文字^[1]，漢字為上古時代的華夏族人所發明創製並作改進，目前确切歷史可追溯至約公元前1300年商朝的甲骨文。再到秦朝的小篆，發展至漢朝才被取名為「漢字」，至唐代楷化為今日所用的手寫字體標準——楷書。汉字是迄今为止连续使用时间最长的主要文字，也是上古时期各大文字体系中唯一传承至今的文字，期間東亞諸國都有一定程度地自行創製漢字.

漢字是維繫中國南北長期處於統一狀態的關鍵元素之一.

現代漢字，在中文體系大致分成繁體中文與簡體中文兩個體系。前者主要用於香港、澳門以及台灣地區，而後者主要用於中國大陸以及新加坡、馬來西亞等東南亞國家，一般來講，繁簡兩個體系的使用者都能在短期內適應並能看懂另一體系的文字，並無太大的溝通障礙。日本和韩国則是另行各自製定了官方的漢字使用規範，而漢字在越南和朝鲜已不再具有官方規範地位。

書體

當前漢字書體有篆書・隷書・草書・行書・楷書五種。

甲骨文	金文	大篆	小篆	隷書	楷書（繁）	楷書（簡）

汉字的基本字体：篆、隶、楷、行、草。本图還包括了書法和印刷的美術字体，前者如歐體、顏體，後者如宋體、黑體。

繁簡體漢字的比較

主条目：汉字简化争论

• 繁体字：由中國自古承襲演變的文字，又稱正體字，優點是單一字內含意深遠，缺點則是筆畫較多，書寫速度较慢。
• 簡體字：相對於傳統漢字，是簡化程度比較大的，廢除且合併了很多字，也簡併了很多的部件，優點是書寫容易、快速，缺點是有时难以精密用字，辨識困難，例如：「头发黑」，一般理解成「頭髮黑」，另一種則為「頭發黑」。

雖有前述差異，然常用漢字的個體差異據統計，不到25%。此外，在日本與韓國也有各自簡化的作為。在臺灣，官方用字或正式文書必須使用正體字；在手寫的非正式文書中，有些人會使用行书、草書或民間的俗寫（例：「台」（臺）、「门」（門）、「与」（與））；但是，幾乎不會使用大陸簡化字中較難辨識字意的合併字（例：「里」（裡）、「后」（後）、「余」（餘）、「制」（製）、「面」（麵，亦作麪）、「谷」（穀）、「复」（復）、「复」（複），皆不簡化）、「台」（臺、檯、颱）。

筆畫

漢字的筆畫離不開「點」、「橫」、「豎」、「撇」、「捺」、「折」這六种基本筆畫，另外還有「提」。以書法為例，對各種筆畫都有多種不同寫法，尤其以折的變化最多。

 

 漢字拉丁化

 西方人和華人本身都提出了很多漢字拉丁化方案，比如：

• 威妥瑪拼音（1867年）
• 郵政式拼音（1906年）
• 國語羅馬字（1928年）
• 拉丁化新文字（1931年）
• 漢語拼音方案（1958年）
• 粵語拼音（1993年）
• 通用拼音（1998年）

 漢語拼音方案是使用最廣且被聯合國接受的汉字拉丁化方案。

Languages of China

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_China,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinese,

China's many different ethnic groups speak many different languages, collectively called Zhōngguó Yǔwén (中国语文), literally "speech and writing of China" which mainly span six linguistic families. Most of them are dissimilar morphologically andphonetically and are mutually unintelligible. Zhongguo Yuwen includes the many different Han Chinese language variants (commonly simply called Chinese) as well as non-Han minority languages such as Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur and Zhuang.


Putonghua or Standard Mandarin is the official national spoken language.   a standardised form of theMandarin group of dialects spoken in northern and southwestern China, which serves as a lingua franca among the different groups within mainland China.

Written

The following languages traditionally had written forms that do not involve Chinese characters (hanzi):

• The Dai - Dai language
• The Hui - Chinese language - Xiaoerjing
• The Kazakhs - Kazakh language - Arabic alphabet
• The Koreans - Korean language - Hangul
• The Kyrgyz - Kyrgyz language - Arabic alphabet
• The Manchus - Manchu language - Manchu alphabet
• The Mongolians - Mongolian language - Mongolian alphabet
• The Naxi - Dongba script/Geba script
• The Sui - Sui language - Sui script
• The Tibetans - Tibetan language - Tibetan script
• The Uyghurs - Uyghur language - Arabic alphabet
• The Xibe - Xibe language - Manchu alphabet
• The Yi - Yi language - Yi syllabary
• The Zhuang - Zhuang language - Sawgoek

Some formerly have used Chinese characters

• The Jurchens (Manchu ancestors) - Jurchen language - Jurchen script
• The Koreans - Korean language - Hanja
• The Khitans (Mongol ancestors) - Khitan language - Khitan script
• The Tanguts (Sino-tibetan people) - Tangut language - Tangut script
• The Zhuang - Zhuang language - Sawndip

Spoken

The spoken languages of nationalities that are a part of the People's Republic of China belong to at least seven families:

• The Sino-Tibetan family: 28 nationalities (including the Han, Tibetans, Miao (Hmong), and Yao)
• The Altaic family: 17
  • Turkic languages: Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Salars, etc.
  • Mongolic languages: Mongols, Dongxiang, and related groups
  • Tungusic languages: Manchus (formerly), Hezhe, etc.
  • Korean languages: Koreans
• The Austroasiatic family: 4 (the De'ang, Blang, Gin (Vietnamese), and Wa)
• The Kradai family: several languages spoken by the Zhuang, the Buyei, the Dai people, the Dong people, and the Hlai (Li people).
• The Indo-European family: 2 (the Russians and Tajiks). There is also a heavily Persian-influenced Äynu language spoken by theÄynu people in southwestern Xinjinag who are officially considered Uyghurs.
• The Austronesian family: 1 official nationality (the Gaoshan, who speak many languages), 1 unofficial (the Utsuls, who speak theTsat language but are considered Hui.)